Alopecia areata (AA) is a common clinical hair disorder characterized by sudden, round or oval-shaped non-scarring alopecic patches. In severe cases, it may involve the entire scalp, nails, and eyebrows. Animal models play an indispensable role in exploring the pathogenesis of AA and developing therapeutic strategies. This article systematically reviews 13 types of AA animal models and 2 categories of AA mathematical models. It comprehensively analyzes spontaneous models (such as C3H/HeJ mice, DEBR rats and B6.KM-AA mice), induced models (including skin grafts, lymph node cell injections, and drug-induced methods), humanized models, and genetically engineered models. Additionally, it evaluates the current applications of both mechanism-driven and data-driven mathematical models and provides a reference for future research and the construction of ideal experimental systems in AA research.

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