Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular fibrous network structures released by activated neutrophils, mainly composed of DNA, histones, and antimicrobial proteins. The process of neutrophil releasing NETs is called neutrophil extracellular traps-osis (NETosis), including suicidal NETosis, energetic NETosis, and mitochondrial-associated NETosis. NETs play a dual role in tumor progression: on the one hand, they can promote tumor progression by reshaping the tumor microenvironment, enhancing tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. On the other hand, under specific conditions, NETs can also exert anti-tumor effects. Research has shown that the distribution of NETs is closely related to the malignancy of tumors and may serve as prognostic markers. In addition, treatment strategies targeting NETs, such as inhibiting their formation or promoting their degradation, are emerging as new research directions. This article reviews the formation mechanism of NETs, their distribution characteristics in tumors, their impact on tumor progression and prognosis, as well as related treatment strategies, providing new perspectives and potential targets for tumor treatment.

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