Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an emerging anti-tumor therapeutic approach in which the virus can selectively replicate and destroy tumor cells without damaging normal cells. The virus stimulates the anti-tumor immunoreactive responses by releasing antigens and activating inflammatory responses in the tumor microenvironment. Despite recent advancements in the treatment of advanced urinary tract tumors, subsequent-line treatment options remain limited, and the disease faces clinical challenges such as high recurrence rates and drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop safer and more effective novel treatment strategies and drugs. This article reviews the latest research progress on OV therapy in the treatment of urinary tract tumors, systematically outlining their application prospects, current challenges, and future development  directions.

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