Raynaud phenomenon (RP) is a disease of intermittent vascular hypercontraction of fingers and toes caused by cold or pressure. Its etiology is closely related to genetic and hormonal factors, though the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The clinical treatment of RP is mainly to alleviate symptoms and prevent tissue damage. This article reviews the current research status of the RP, with a focus on its clinical diagnosis and treatment, aiming to provide scientific basis and guidance for clinical practice.

1.Becker MO, Dobrota R, Garaiman A, et al. Development and validation of a patient-reported outcome measure for systemic sclerosis: the EULAR systemic sclerosis impact of disease (ScleroID) questionnaire[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2022, 81(4): 507-515. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220702.

2.Pauling JD, Hughes M, Pope JE. Raynaud's phenomenon-an update on diagnosis, classification and management[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2019, 38(12): 3317-3330. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04745-5.

3.陈群,严远飞,陈数,等. 系统性红斑狼疮合并心脏损害的相关危险因素分析[J].实用临床医药杂志, 2022, 26(1): 109-115. [Chen Q, Yan YF, Chen S, et al. Analysis of risk factors for cardiac involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Journal of Clinical Medicine in Practice, 2022, 26(1): 109-115.] DOI: 10.7619/jcmp.20212670.

4.Maciejewska M, Sikora M, Maciejewski C, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon with focus on systemic sclerosis[J]. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(9): 2490. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092490.

5.Humpel O, Hostoffer R. Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. J Osteopath Med, 2023, 124(1): 43-44. DOI: 10.1515/jom-2023-0139.

6.Fazeli B, Poredos P, Kozak M, et al. Diagnostic criteria for Buerger's disease: international consensus of VAS - European independent foundation in angiology/vascular medicine[J]. Int Angiol, 2023, 42(5): 396-401. DOI: 10.23736/S0392-9590.23.05098-8.

7.Hughes M, Huang S, Pauling JD, et al. The clinical relevance of Raynaud's phenomenon symptom characteristics in systemic sclerosis[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2022, 41(10): 3049-3054. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06206-y.

8.王远卓,郑清月,张翰林,等. A型肉毒毒素治疗雷诺现象的研究进展[J]. 基础医学与临床, 2022, 42(10): 1611-1615. [Wang YZ, Zheng QY, Zhang HL, et al. Research progress on botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Basic & Clinical Medicine, 2022, 42(10): 1611-1615.] DOI: 10.16352/j.issn.1001-6325.2022.10.1611.

9.Belch J, Carlizza A, Carpentier PH, et al. ESVM guidelines - the diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Vasa, 2017, 46(6): 413-423. DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000661.

10.Flavahan NA. A vascular mechanistic approach to understanding Raynaud phenomenon[J]. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2015, 11(3): 146-158. DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.195.

11.李小芬,韦夙,王乐,等. 系统性硬化症的主要发病因素及治疗研究进展[J]. 药物生物技术, 2020, 27(4): 390-392. [Li  XF, Wei S, Wang L, et al. Research progress on main pathogenic factors and treatment of systemic sclerosis[J]. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2020, 27(4): 390-392.] DOI: 10.19526/j.cnki. 1005-8915.20200423.

12.姚宏凯,刘迎,靳令经. A型肉毒毒素改善雷诺现象血管痉挛的作用及机制研究进展[J]. 国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2020, 47(6): 641-644. [Yao HK, Liu Y, Jin LJ. Research progress on the effect and mechanism of botulinum toxin type A in improving vascular spasm in Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. International Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2020, 47(6): 641-644.] DOI: 10.16636/j.cnki.jinn.2020.06.015.

13.刘紫微, 王振亮, 杨伟超, 等. 基于血管病变探讨麦门冬汤治疗系统性硬化症小鼠的作用机制[J]. 中国中医基础医学杂志, 2021, 27(11): 1745-1748. [Liu ZW, Wang ZL, Yang WC, et al. Mechanism of ophiopogonis decoction in treating systemic sclerosis in mice based on vascular lesions[J]. Journal of Basic Chinese Medicine, 2021, 27(11): 1745-1748.] DOI: 10.19945/j.cnki.issn.1006-3250.2021.11.015.

14.Hamaguchi Y. Drug-induced scleroderma-like lesion[J]. Allergol Int, 2022, 71(2): 163-168. DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.08.005.

15.Stjernbrandt A, Pettersson H, Vihlborg P, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon in the feet of Arctic open-pitminers[J]. Int J Circumpolar Health, 2024, 83(1): 2295576. DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2023.2295576.

16.丁丽丽,刘轩绮,孙晓林,等. 系统性硬化症相关间质性肺病、特发性肺纤维化与转化生长因子-β诱导的肺纤维化模型重叠基因的相关性分析[J]. 实用临床医药杂志, 2022, 26(14): 7-13. [Ding LL, Liu XQ, Sun XL, et al. Correlation analysis of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with overlapping genes in TGF-β-induced pulmonary fibrosis model[J]. Journal of Clinical Medicine in Practice, 2022, 26(14): 7-13.] DOI: 10.7619/jcmp.20215125.

17.Hysa E, Pizzorni C, Sammorì S, et al. Microvascular damage in autoimmune connective tissue diseases: a capillaroscopic analysis from 20 years of experience in a EULAR training and research referral centre for imaging[J]. RMD Open, 2023, 9(3): e003071. DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003071.

18.Cooke R, Lawson I, Gillibrand S, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome and Raynaud's phenomenon: a narrative review[J]. Occup Med (Lond), 2022, 72(3): 170-176. DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqab158.

19.Capodosal G, Holden D, Maloy W, et al. Thoracic outlet syndrome[J]. Curr Sports Med Rep, 2024, 23(9): 303-309. DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000001192.

20.Ture HY, Lee NY, Kim NR, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon: a current update on pathogenesis, diagnostic workup, and treatment[J]. Vasc Specialist Int, 2024, 40: 26. DOI: 10.5758/vsi.240047.

21.Herrick AL. Evidence-based management of Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis, 2017, 9(12): 317-329. DOI: 10.1177/1759720X17740074.

22.Guerra MG, Rodrigues M, Águeda A, et al. Osteolysis in systemic sclerosis: a scoping review[J]. J Rheumatol, 2023, 50(7): 863-872. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.220626.

23.Maverakis E, Patel F, Kronenberg DG, et al. International consensus criteria for the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. J Autoimmun, 2014, 48-49: 60-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014. 01.020.

24.Becker MO, Dobrota R, Garaiman A, et al. Development and validation of a patient-reported outcome measure for systemic sclerosis: the EULAR systemic sclerosis impact of disease (ScleroID) questionnaire[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2022, 81(4): 507-515. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220702.

25.Lambova SN, Müller-Ladner U. Nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic sclerosis - state of the art: the evolving knowledge about capillaroscopic abnormalities in systemic sclerosis[J]. J Scleroderma Relat Disord, 2019, 4(3): 200-211. DOI: 10.1177/2397198319833486.

26.Smith V, Ickinger C, Hysa E, et al. Nailfold capillaroscopy[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 2023, 37(1): 101849. DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2023.101849.

27.Ma Z, Mulder DJ, Gniadecki R, et al. Methods of assessing nailfold capillaroscopy compared to video capillaroscopy in patients with systemic sclerosis-a critical review of the literature[J]. Diagnostics (Basel), 2023, 13(13): 2204. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132204.

28.Sirufo MM, Magnanimi LM, Ginaldi L, et al. The shadow zone of capillaroscopy in the classification of the Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Curr Med Res Opin, 2022, 38(4): 637-639. DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2047538.

29.Ha T, Oh H, Kim J. Technetium-99m hand perfusion scintigraphy (Raynaud's scan) as a method of verification in hand arm vibration syndrome: a review[J]. Ann Occup Environ Med, 2022, 34: e26. DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e26.

30.Herrick AL, Dinsdale G, Murray A. New perspectives in the imaging of Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Eur J Rheumatol, 2020, 7(Suppl 3): S212-S221. DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2020.19124.

31.Herrick AL, Murray A. The role of capillaroscopy and thermography in the assessment and management of Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2018, 17(5): 465-472. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.036.

32.Toprak U, Hayretci M, Erhuner Z, et al. Dynamic doppler evaluation of the hand arteries to distinguish between primary and secondary raynaud phenomenon[J]. Am J Roentgenol, 2011, 197(1): W175-W180. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.10.5740.

33.Asadourian PA, Chen AZ, Aristega Almeida B, et al. Magnetic resonance angiography of the hand vasculature in patients with systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Hand (N Y), 2023, 18(4): 553-561. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211064358.

34.Lescoat A, Murphy SL, Roofeh D, et al. Considerations for a combined index for limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis to support drug development and improve outcomes[J]. J Scleroderma Relat Disord, 2021, 6(1): 66-76. DOI: 10.1177/2397198320961967.

35.Khelifa M, Guemara R, Iudici M. What's new in the management of systemic sclerosis[J]. Rev Med Suisse, 2023, 19(818): 521-525. DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.818.521.

36.Ennis H, Hughes M, Anderson ME, et al. Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 2(2): CD002069. DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD002069.pub5.

37.Rirash F, Tingey PC, Harding SE, et al. Calcium channel blockers for primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, 12(12): CD000467. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000467.pub2.

38.Parker JD, D' Iorio M, Floras JS, et al. Comparison of short-acting versus extended-release nifedipine: effects on hemodynamics and sympathetic activity in patients with stable coronary artery disease[J]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 565. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56890-1.

39.Ross L, Hansen D, Maltez N, et al. The effect of calcium channel blockers on digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: data from a prospective cohort study[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2024, 43(1): 269-276. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06796-1.

40.Balazic E, Axler E, Konisky H, et al. Pentoxifylline in dermatology[J]. J Cosmet Dermatol, 2023, 22(2): 410-417. DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15445.

41.Hosseinbalam M, Nouri R, Farajzadegan Z, et al. Effectiveness of bosentan in the treatment of systemic sclerosis-related digital ulcers: systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. J Res Med Sci, 2023, 28: 3. DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_386_22.

42.Ross L, Maltez N, Hughes M, et al. Systemic pharmacological treatment of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: a systematic literature review[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2023, 62(12): 3785-3800. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead289.

43.Herrick AL, Wigley FM. Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 2020, 34: 101474. https://DOI.org/10.1016/j.berh.2019.101474

44.Curtiss P, Svigos K, Schwager Z, et al. Part II: the treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2024, 90(2): 237-248. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.05.067.

45.Rademacher JG, Wincup C, Tampe B, et al. Combination therapy with bosentan and sildenafil for refractory digital ulcers and Raynaud's phenomenon in a 30-year-old woman with systemic sclerosis: case report and literature review[J]. J Scleroderma Relat Disord, 2020, 5(2): 159-164. DOI: 10.1177/2397198319876738.

46.Huntgeburth M, Kießling J, Weimann G, et al. Riociguat for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a single-dose, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over study (DIGIT)[J]. Clin Drug Investig, 2018, 38(11): 1061-1069. DOI: 10.1007/s40261-018-0698-1.

47.Fava A, Wung PK, Wigley FM, et al. Efficacy of rho kinase inhibitor fasudil in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2012, 64(6): 925-929. DOI: 10.1002/acr.21622.

48.Martins P, Dourado E, Fonseca JE, et al. The safety and persistence of intravenous iloprost in systemic sclerosis[J]. ARP Rheumatol, 2022, 1(2): 122-128. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35810370/

49.Magnani L, Ariani A, Lo Monaco A, et al. Real life use of prostacyclin analog (iloprost), a multi-centric survey data from the Scleroderma study group Emilia Romagna (Sclero-RER) and review of the literature[J]. Acta Biomed, 2023, 94(4): e2023148.DOI: 10.23750/abm.v94i4.14317.

50.Pace CS, Merritt WH. Extended periarterial sympathectomy: evaluation of long-term outcomes[j]. Hand (N Y), 2018, 13(4): 395-402. DOI: 10.1177/1558944717715119.

51.Cereceda-Monteoliva N, Smart YW, Ojelade E, et al. Distal periarterial sympathectomy surgery for chronic digital ischemia: a systematic review of the literature[J]. J Orthop, 2023, 50: 76-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2023.11.072.

52.Coveliers HM, Hoexum F, Nederhoed JH, et al. Thoracic sympathectomy for digital ischemia: a summary of evidence[J]. J Vasc Surg, 2011, 54(1): 273-277. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.01.069.

53.Haravu PN, Bond S, Hendren-Santiago B, et al. Medium- and long-term outcomes of autologous fat grafting to hands and feet for patients with Raynaud phenomenon[J]. Ann Plast Surg, 2024, 92(3): 287-293. DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000003752.

54.张吉,王竞鹏,袁继龙,等. A型肉毒毒素治疗雷诺现象的研究进展[J]. 中国美容整形外科杂志, 2025, 36(2): 115-118, 133. [Zhang J, Wang JP, Yuan JL, et al. Research progress of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon[J]. Chinese Journal of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery, 2025, 36(2): 115-118, 133.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2025.02.012.

55.Jokar MH, Baghbani B, Geraylow KR, et al. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type a injection for Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis[J]. Reumatologia, 2022, 60(6): 392-398. DOI: 10.5114/reum.2022.120757.

56.唐姗姗,李邦静,罗曦. 院家结合护理模式在多发性硬化症患者中的应用[J]. 实用临床医药杂志, 2023, 27(13): 119-122, 126. [Tang SS, Li BJ, Luo X. Application of hospital-home linkage nursing model in patients with multiple sclerosis[J]. Journal of Clinical Medicine in Practice, 2023, 27(13): 119-122, 126.] DOI: 10.7619/jcmp.20230802.