Objective To systematically review the influencing factors of motor function recovery in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, and SinoMed databases were electronically searched to collect studies on the influencing factors of motor function recovery in TBI patients from inception to September 30, 2025. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.

Results A total of 22 studies were included, including 18 cohort studies and 4 cross-sectional studies, with a sample size of 6,425 cases and 47 factors involved. The results of the Meta-analysis showed that age [OR=1.55, 95%CI (1.17, 2.05)], age > 50 years [OR=2.03, 95%CI (1.20, 3.43)], Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score [OR=0.28, 95%CI (0.14, 0.66)], motor function area injury [OR=3.12, 95%CI (1.74, 5.60)], brain herniation [OR=1.99, 95%CI (1.36, 2.89)], duration of consciousness disorder > 10 days [OR=2.33, 95%CI (1.18, 4.60)], rehabilitation intervention time > 30 days [OR=2.46, 95%CI (1.48, 4.09)], rehabilitation treatment time [OR=1.14, 95%CI (1.07, 1.21)], and male gender [OR=1.80, 95%CI (1.21, 2.67)] were the influencing factors of motor function recovery in TBI patients (P < 0.05).

Conclusion Current evidence shows that advanced age, age > 50 years, lower GCS score, motor function area injury, brain herniation, duration of consciousness disorder > 10 days, rehabilitation intervention time > 30 days, longer rehabilitation treatment time, and male gender are the risk factors for poor motor function recovery in TBI patients. Medical staff should pay close attention to these risk factors and intervene promptly to improve the rehabilitation effect of motor function in TBI patients.

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