Non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) are non-endemic strains of Vibrio cholerae. They do not carry the genes encoding cholera toxin and rarely cause large-scale cholera epidemics. However, they can cause invasive infections in-cluding bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals. The high-risk population mainly includes patients with liver cirrhosis, malignant tumors, and long-term immunosuppressive use with impaired immune function. By analyzing a case where Vibrio cholerae was detected in the blood sample of a patient with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis, the blood culture, identification, serotyping, virulence gene detection of Vibrio cholerae were understood, and its drug sensitivity results were analyzed. The results showed that the NOVC isolated this time were all sensitive to ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, compound sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and gentamicin in the in vitro drug sensitivity test of this patient. This case provides clinical evidence for NOVC-induced bloodstream infections, raises clinical awareness of such rare cases, and provides a reference for early diagnosis and individualized treatment.

1.Waldor MK, Mekalanos JJ. Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin[J]. Science, 1996, 272: 1910-1914.

2.Alomar AI, Elhadi N, Yamani LZ, et al. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteremic skin infection with multiple skin necrosis: case report[J]. Trop Med Infect Dis, 2025, 10(4): 110.

3.Zhang Q, Alter T, Fleischmann S. Non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae-an underestimated foodborne pathogen? an overview of its virulence genes and regulatory systems involved in pathogenesis[J]. Microorganisms, 2024, 12(4): 818.

4.Ramamurthy T, Nandy RK, Mukhopadhyay AK, et al. Virulence regulation and innate host response in the pathogenicity of vibrio cholerae[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2020, 10: 572096.

5.Agyei FK, Scharf B, Duodu S. Vibrio cholerae bacteremia: an enigma in cholera-endemic African countries[J]. Trop Med Infect Dis, 2024, 9(5): 103.

6.尚雨颖, 郑艳泽, 左春磊, 等. 非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌致胆管癌术后患者血流感染[J]. 中国国境卫生检疫杂志, 2025, 48(3): 311-314. [Shang YY, Zheng YZ, Zuo CL, et al. Bloodstream infection caused by non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae in a postoperative patient with cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Chinese Frontier Health Quarantine. 2025, 48(3): 311-314.]

7.Zhang W, Xiao L, Shan X, et al. Case report: detection of non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae in a patient with hepatic space-occupying lesions using metagenomic next-generation sequencing[J]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2024, 11: 1483027.

8.Vithiya G, Velvizhi S, Sundaram PS, et al. Non O1 non O139 vibrio cholerae septicemia in a patient with carcinoma pancreas-a case report and literature review, 2020-2023[J]. Indian J Med Microbiol, 2024, 49: 100611.

9.Alex V, Moodley M. Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia: a case report on an unusual presentation[J]. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2025, 111(3): 116685.

10.Marino A, Cacopardo B, Villa L, et al. Think Vibrio, think rare: non-O1-non-O139-Vibrio cholerae bacteremia in advanced lung cancer—a case report[J]. Trop Med Infect Dis, 2024, 9(9): 224.

11.Piret J, Boivin G. Pandemics throughout history[J]. Front Microbiol, 2021, 11: 631736.

12.Kanungo S, Azman AS, Ramamurthy T, et al. Cholera[J]. Lancet, 2022, 399 (10333): 1429-1440.

13.李杨. 血流感染霍乱弧菌的流行病学和病原学特征分析[D]. 济南:山东大学, 2023. [Li Y. Study of epidemiological and etiological characteristics of Vibrio cholerae leading to human bloodstream infection[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2023.]

14.王洁, 张瑜, 李苹苹, 等. 肝门部胆管癌术后非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌血流感染1例并文献复习[J].中国感染与化疗杂志, 2024, 24(3): 271-276. [Wang J, Zhang Y, Li PP, et al. Non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bloodstream infection after operation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a case report and literature review[J]. Chinese Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 2024, 24(3): 271-276. ]

15.Krasilnikov OV, Muratkhodjaev JN, Zitzer AO. The mode of action of Vibrio cholerae cytolysin. the influences on both erythrocytes and planar lipid bilayers[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1992, 1111(1): 7-16.

16.Queen J, Satchell KJF. Neutrophils are essential for containment of Vibrio cholerae to the intestine during the proinflammatory phase of infection[J]. Infect Immun, 2012, 80(8): 2905-2913.

17.Arita M, Takeda T, Honda T, et al. Purification and characterization of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 heat-stable enterotoxin[J]. Infect Immun, 1986, 52(1): 45-49.

18.Jørgensen R, Purdy AE, Fieldhouse RJ, et al. Cholix toxin, a novel ADP-ribosylating factor from Vibrio cholerae[J]. J Biol Chem, 2008,283(16): 10671-10678.

19.王华强, 谢芳, 盛云峰, 等. 肝硬化患者发生血流感染的影响因素和病原学特点[J]. 肝脏, 2021, 26(3): 252-254, 258. [Wang HQ, Xie F, Sheng YF, et al. Influencing factors and etioligical characteristics of bloodstream infection in patiens with livercirrhosis[J]. Chinese Hepatology, 2021, 26(3): 252-254, 258.]

20.Deshayes S, Daurel C, Cattoir V, et al. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia: case report and literature review[J]. Springerplus, 2015, 4: 575.

21.Wong KC, Brown AM, Luscombe GM, et al. Antibiotic use for Vibrio infections: important insights from surveillance data[J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2015, 15: 226.

22.赵语佳, 王绍乙, 李裕晴, 等. 海洋致病菌致病机制及其感染的治疗研究进展[J]. 山东医药, 2022, 62(24): 88-93. [Zhao YJ, Wang SY, Li YQ, et al. Research progress on the pathogenic mechanism of marine pathogenic bacteria and the treatment of their infections[J]. Shandong Medicine, 2022, 62(24): 88-93.]

23.Zhang X, Lu Y, Qian H, et al. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) bacteremia: case report and literature review, 2015-2019[J]. Infect Drug Resist, 2020, 13: 1009-1016.