良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)是中老年男性常见泌尿系统疾病之一。虽然BPH属于良性疾病,但随着腺体增大,会堵塞尿道,阻碍正常排尿,严重影响患者的生活质量[1]。在BPH早期阶段,患者可能会选择药物治疗[2],但随着年龄的增长和腺体的持续增生,对于出现中、重度下尿路症状(lower urinary tract symptoms,LUTS)并且明显影响生活质量的BPH患者,手术是指南推荐的有效手段之一[3]。作为单极经尿道前列腺电切术(transurethral resection of the prostate,TURP)的替代方案之一,经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术(transurethral plasmakinetic resection of prostate,TUPKP)已被广泛研究[4-5]。
目前虽有很多系统评价/Meta分析报告了TUPKP的有效性和安全性,但是大多数研究重点关注TUPKP的有效性,且纳入的研究存在样本量小、方法学质量不同、随访时间不同等问题,导致报告的TUPKP并发症的类型及其发生率有很大差异[6-11]。因此,本研究对TUPKP治疗BPH并发症及其发生率进行系统评价/Meta分析,以期为TUPKP并发症的防治提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 纳入与排除标准
纳入标准:①研究类型为横断面研究;②研究对象为经临床确诊为BPH的患者;③干预措施为接受TUPKP治疗;④结局指标包括TUPKP并发症的种类及其发生率。
排除标准:①无法通过原文获取数据且联系作者未能获得回复的研究;②文献语言非中、英文;③不同研究的研究对象为同一人群,仅纳入最新的研究。
1.2 文献检索策略
计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库及万方数据库,检索时限为2018年1月1日至2020年9月15日,搜集所有TUPKP治疗BPH的横断面研究。通过手工检索《中国良性前列腺增生症经尿道等离子双极电切术治疗指南(2018标准版)》[12]的参考文献,补充获取相关文献。中文检索词包括:前列腺增生、前列腺肥大、经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术、经尿道等离子双极电切术等;英文检索词包括:benign prostatic hyperplasia、transurethral plasmakinetic resection of prostate、transurethral bipolar plasmakinetic resection of prostatectomy等。为最大程度减少漏检,采用主题词与自由词结合的方式进行检索。
1.3 文献筛选与资料提取
由2位研究人员按照纳入排除标准独立筛选文献、提取资料。资料提取的内容包括纳入研究的作者、发表年份、样本量、并发症类型、各并发症发生例数等。交叉核对纳入文献及提取的资料,如遇分歧,通过讨论解决,若分歧无法解决,则由第3位研究人员讨论后决定。
1.4 纳入研究的偏倚风险评价
由2名研究人员使用美国卫生保健和质量机构(agency for healthcare research and quality,AHRQ)开发的横断面研究质量评价工具,独立评价纳入研究的偏倚风险。该评价工具包括11个条目,以“是”、“否”或“不清楚”作答[13]。如遇分歧,通过讨论解决,若分歧无法解决,则由第3位研究人员讨论后决定。
1.5 统计分析
Meta分析采用R软件meta程序包,通过Freeman-Tukey双重反正弦转换进行[14]。通过Q检验和I2检验评价纳入研究间异质性的大小。当P≥0.1,I2≤50%,说明各研究结果间存在异质性的可能性小,采用固定效应模型进行合并分析,反之,则说明研究间异质性较大,采用随机效应模型进行合并分析,并通过亚组分析探讨异质性的来源。计算各并发症的发生率和95%CI。通过漏斗图及Peters检验来评价可能存在的发表偏倚[15]。检验水准为α=0.05。
2 结果
2.1 文献筛选流程及结果
共检索到11 415篇有关TUPKP治疗BPH的文献。根据纳入排除标准,通过剔重、阅读标题和摘要、阅读全文,最终纳入27项研究[16-42],涉及5 247例患者。文献筛选流程见图1。
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图1 文献筛选流程图
Figure 1. Flow chart of study selection
2.2 纳入研究的基本特征与偏倚风险评价
纳入的27项研究中,有1项研究来自埃及,其他均来自中国;有17项研究报告了尿道狭窄的发生率,15项研究报告了经尿道切除综合征(transurethral resection syndrome,TURS)的发生率,12项研究报告了暂时性尿失禁的发生率,报告排尿困难、需要输血、术后出血等其他并发症的研究数目少于10项。纳入研究的基本信息见表1。
表1 纳入研究基本信息表
Table 1. Basic characteristics of included literature
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采用AHRQ开发的横断面研究质量评价工具对纳入研究进行质量评价,结果显示大多数研究质量为中等或偏低。纳入研究的质量评分见表2所示。
表2 纳入研究的偏倚风险评价结果
Table 2. Risk of bias in the included studies 
2.3 Meta分析结果
2.3.1 尿道狭窄
共纳入17项研究[17, 19-21, 23-26, 28-29, 32-33, 37, 39-42],涉及4 282名BPH患者。异质性检验结果P<0.01,I2=91%,采用随机效应模型Meta分析结果显示TUPKP术后尿道狭窄发生率为3.37% [95%CI(1.60%,5.69%)](图2)。绘制漏斗图,检验结果P=0.029,提示可能存在发表偏倚(图3)。
图2 TUPKP治疗BPH术后尿道狭窄发生率森林图
Figure 2. Forest plot of incidence of urethral stricture after TUPKP treatment of BPH
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图3 TUPKP治疗BPH术后尿道狭窄发生率漏斗图
Figure 3. Funnel plot of the incidence of urethral stricture after TUPKP treatment of BPH
2.3.2 TURS
共纳入15项研究[16-17, 19, 22, 24-29, 32-33, 36, 40, 42],涉及3 102名患者。报告的TUPKP治疗BPH术后TURS发生率均为0。
2.3.3 暂时性尿失禁
共纳入12项研究[20-21, 26-30, 35-36, 39-40, 42],涉及1 894名患者。异质性检验结果显示P<0.01,I2=64.3%,采用随机效应模型Meta分析结果显示TUPKP术后暂时性尿失禁发生率为3.73% [95%CI(2.18%,5.61%)]。检验结果P=0.340,提示尚未发现发表偏倚的存在。
2.3.4 其他并发症
除以上并发症外,纳入研究报告了排尿困难、需要输血、术后出血、永久性尿失禁、尿路感染、再次手术、包膜穿孔、尿路刺激症状、勃起功能障碍、尿失禁、附睾炎、继发性出血、逆行性射精、膀胱颈挛缩、膀胱痉挛、血尿、下肢静脉血栓形成、闭孔神经反射、低体温、发热、急性尿潴留、膀胱内气体爆炸、膀胱内血块形成、膀胱破裂、膀胱损伤、术后复发、术后6个月射精异常、再次住院等其他并发症的发生情况(表3)。其中,术后并发症发生率较高的有术后6个月射精异常、术后逆行性射精、术后尿路刺激症状,发生率分别为75.15% [95%CI(68.25%,81.47%)]、24.77% [95%CI(0.00%,73.81%)]、17.15% [95%CI(9.61%,26.22%)]。
表3 TUPKP治疗BPH术后其他并发症发生率的Meta分析
Table 3 Meta-analysis of other complications' incidence after TUPKP treatment of BPH
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2.3.5 亚组分析
对上述Meta分析异质性高的并发症进行亚组分析。根据纳入研究所在医院等级,分为三甲医院和非三甲医院两个亚组,计算并发症各亚组发生率。结果显示再次手术、包膜穿孔和勃起功能障碍的非三甲医院亚组中异质性小,尿路刺激症状和尿失禁的三甲医院亚组中异质性小,说明异质性高的原因可能与医院等级有关(表4)。
表4 各并发症发生率亚组分析
Table 4 Subgroup analysis of the incidence of complications
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3 讨论
本研究对TUPKP治疗BPH术后并发症进行Meta分析,共纳入27项研究,结果显示, TUPKP术后常见并发症有术后6个月射精异常(发生率为75.15%),术后逆行性射精(发生率为24.77%),尿路刺激症状(发生率为17.15%);亚组分析显示医院等级可能是异质性的来源之一。
近年来,随着技术的发展和微创理念的推广,TUPKP已普及至基层医院[33],越来越多的BPH患者选择该术式。TUPKP的工作原理是:工作电极和回路电极均位于电切环内,电流并不经过患者身体。高频电能在两个电极之间通过生理盐水产生局部闭合回路,回路之间形成的等离子球体可以对组织产生切割作用,从而达到治疗目的[43]。TUPKP治疗BPH的有效性已被广泛研究[9, 11, 44-48],但仍需继续关注该术式并发症的发生情况。
TUPKP治疗BPH的并发症有多种,但大多数并发症发生率较低。本研究通过文献检索和资料提取发现,文献中报告的并发症有尿道狭窄、暂时性尿失禁、排尿困难、需要输血等31种。其中21种并发症发生率低于3%,仅有术后6个月射精异常(75.15%)、术后逆行性射精(24.77%)、尿路刺激症状(17.15%)这3种并发症发生率超过10%,但受限于纳入研究数目及样本量较少,结果可能存在一定的局限性。
本文纳入的研究中大多数报告了尿道狭窄及TURS的发生率,这与临床医师关注的重点并发症一致。纳入的27项研究中,有17项研究报告了尿道狭窄的发生率。尿道狭窄是BPH主要并发症之一,可能发生于尿道的每个部分,但最常见的位置是尿道口和膀胱出口,其原因可能与器械、操作或留置导尿管有关[17],也有研究表明大体积前列腺增生、合并慢性前列腺炎和多次留置导尿管是影响尿道狭窄/膀胱颈挛缩的因素[49]。一些中长期随访的RCTs结果显示,与TURP相比,TUPKP尿道狭窄/膀胱颈挛缩发生率无差异[50-52]。但也有RCTs表明术后中远期尿道狭窄/膀胱颈挛缩的发生率较高,约为8.5%~19.0%[53-54],而本研究结果显示尿道狭窄/膀胱颈挛缩的发生率约为0.63%~3.37%。有15项研究报告了TURS,但报告的发生率均为0。TURS是因为TURP术中冲洗液经手术创面快速、大量吸收入血引起的稀释性低钠血症的临床综合征,症状包括中心静脉压升高、溶血、肺水肿、脑水肿等一系列表现[55]。与TURP采用甘露醇等非电解质溶液不同,TUPKP使用生理盐水作为冲洗液,大量入血不会引起稀释性低钠血症,因此TUPKP不会出现 TURS,但在手术过程中应警惕冲洗液大量入血后导致的循环负荷过重。已有研究结果表明,与TURP相比,TUPKP治疗BPH术后TURS发生率、需要输血率较低,冲洗时间与留置导尿管时间较短[9-10],与本研究结果相吻合(TURS发生率为0,需要输血率为1.33%)。
本研究存在一定的局限性。第一,横断面研究Meta分析自身方法学上的局限性,且本研究纳入的均为横断面研究,其结果的准确性可能受到影响;第二,纳入研究中,国内研究数量较多,而国外研究数量少,其结果外推性具有一定的局限性;第三,纳入的大多数研究未对并发症及随访时间进行明确定义,故无法对并发症进行准确分类。
本研究结果表明,TUPKP治疗BPH术后并发症种类较多,发生率差异较大。研究人员对患者术后性功能影响的研究较少,未来仍需进一步关注该领域并发症的发生情况。
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