This paper explores the multiple roles of oncostatin M (OSM) in the breast cancer microenvironment. OSM enhances invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells by activating the JAK/STAT pathway, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer-associated fibroblast activation, and immune escape, especially in bone and lung metastasis. OSM also works synergistically with matrix metalloproteinases to accelerate cancer progression. Although OSM is a potential therapeutic target, its pleiotropic nature presents a therapeutic challenge. Future studies are needed to develop more selective and safe OSM inhibitors, combined with other therapeutic strategies to improve efficacy.

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