Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is widely involved in early embryonic development, cell differentiation, organ formation, tissue repair, immune response, tumor progression and other biological processes. TGF-β1 can exert highly specific biological effects in specific cell microenvironment through the synergistic mediation of downstream transcription factors and regulatory factors after binding to the corresponding receptors. At the level of immune regulation, TGF-β1 can significantly inhibit the proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes, reduce the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells, and then negatively regulate the body's anti-tumor immune response. At the level of mi-croenvironment remodeling, TGF-β1 can induce neutrophil N2 phenotype polarization, and act on endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis, creating suitable micro-environment conditions for tumor growth and metastasis. This paper systematically reviews the multiple regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β1 in the tumor microenvironment based on the latest domestic and international research findings, and summarizes the tumor intervention strategy with TGF-β1 signaling pathway as the core target, combines its synergistic mechanism with immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other means, and deeply discusses the value, existing bottlenecks and research prospects of this targeting strategy in the clinical translation in malignant tumors.

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