Obesity has become a global public health problem. In recent years, increasing epidemiological evidence suggests that maternal obesity during pregnancy may not only cause adverse pregnancy outcomes, damage her own health and the health of fetus, but also cause varying degrees of health damage to offspring and impose a significant disease burden on society. This paper reviews the progress of epidemiological studies on the effects of maternal obesity on long-term adverse health outcomes in offspring, in order to provide a basis for developing related prevention strategies.

1.NCD Rish Factor Collaboration. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults[J]. Lancet, 2017, 390(10113): 2627-2642. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3.

2.WHO. Obesity and overweight[EB/OL]. (2020-04-01)[2023-04-10]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.

3.国家疾病预防控制局. 中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告（2020年） [M]. 北京：人民卫生出版社, 2020: 1-1. [National Administration of Disease Prevention and Control. Report on nutrition and chronic diseases in China (2020)[M], Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2020: 1-1.]

4.Shrestha A, Prowak M, Berlandi-Short VM, et al. Maternal obesity: a focus on maternal interventions to improve health of offspring[J]. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2021, 8: 696812. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.696812.

5.Steculorum SM, Bouret SG. Maternal diabetes compromises the organization of hypothalamic feeding circuits and impairs leptin sensitivity in offspring[J]. Endocrinology, 2011, 152(11): 4171-4179. DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1279.

6.Kirk SL, Samuelsson AM, Argenton M, et al. Maternal obesity induced by diet in rats permanently influences central processes regulating food intake in offspring[J]. PLoS One, 2009, 4(6): e5870. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005870.

7.Dumolt J, Powell TL, Jansson T, et al. Normalization of maternal adiponectin in obese pregnant mice prevents programming of impaired glucose metabolism in adult offspring[J]. FASEB Journal, 2022, 36(7): e22383. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200326R.

8.Puppala S, Li C, Glenn JP, et al. Primate fetal hepatic responses to maternal obesity: epigenetic signalling pathways and lipid accumulation[J]. J physiol, 2018, 596(23): 5823-5837. DOI: 10.1113/JP275422.

9.Heslehurst N, Vieira R, Akhter Z, et al. The association between maternal body mass index and child obesity: a systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. PLoS Med, 2019, 16(6): e1002817. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002817.

10.曹慧, 严双琴, 蔡智玲, 等. 孕前BMI、妊娠期糖尿病与儿童4岁时肥胖相关指标关联的出生队列研究[J].中华流行病学杂志, 2020, (08): 1303-1307. [Cao H, Yan SQ, Cai ZL, et al. Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational diabetes and different indicators of childhood obesity at the age of four: a prospective cohort study[J]. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2020, (08): 1303-1307.] DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20190822-00617.

11.Hochner H, Friedlander Y, Calderon-margalit R, et al. Associations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with adult offspring cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jerusalem Perinatal Family Follow-up Study[J]. Circulation, 2012, 125(11): 1381-1389. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.070060.

12.Dias MDS, Matijasevich A, Barros AJ, et al. Influence of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status on offspring anthropometric measurements and body composition in three Brazilian Birth Cohorts[J]. Public Health Nutr, 2021, 24(5): 882-894. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980020004887.

13.Bucher M, Montaniel KRC, Myatt L, et al. Dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and impairment of placental metabolism in the offspring of obese mothers[J]. J Dev Orig Health Dis, 2021, 12(5): 738-747. DOI: 10.1017/S2040174420001026.

14.Fraser A, Tilling K, Macdonald-WAllis C, et al. Association of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring obesity and metabolic and vascular traits in childhood[J]. Circulation, 2010, 121(23): 2557-2564. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.906081.

15.Gaillard R, Steegers EA, Duijts L, et al. Childhood cardiometabolic outcomes of maternal obesity during pregnancy: the Generation R Study[J]. Hypertension, 2014, 63(4): 683-691. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02671.

16.Catalano PM, Presley L, Minium J, et al. Fetuses of obese mothers develop insulin resistance in utero[J]. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(6): 1076-1080. DOI: 10.2337/dc08-2077.

17.Perng W, Gillman MW, Mantzoros CS, et al. A prospective study of maternal prenatal weight and offspring cardiometabolic health in midchildhood [J]. Ann Epidemiol, 2014, 24(11): 793-800 e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.08.002.

18.Martinez-Villanueva J, Gonzalez-Leal R, Argente J, et al. Parental obesity is associated with the severity of childhood obesity and its comorbidities[J]. An Pediatr (Engl Ed), 2019, 90(4): 224-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2018.06.013.

19.Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Lamichhane AP, et al. Association of intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with type 2 diabetes in youth: the SEARCH Case-Control Study[J]. Diabetes Care, 2008, 31(7): 1422-1426. DOI: 10.2337/dc07-2417.

20.Eriksson JG, Sandboge S, Salonen MK, et al. Long-term consequences of maternal overweight in pregnancy on offspring later health: findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study[J]. Ann Med, 2014, 46(6): 434-438. DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.919728.

21.Kislal S, Shook LL, Edlow AG. Perinatal exposure to maternal obesity: Lasting cardiometabolic impact on offspring[J]. Prenat Diagn, 2020, 40(9): 1109-1125. DOI: 10.1002/pd.5784.

22.Modi N, MurgasovAD, Ruager-Martin R, et al. The influence of maternal body mass index on infant adiposity and hepatic lipid content[J]. Pediatric research, 2011, 70(3): 287-291. DOI: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e318225f9b1.

23.Hagström H, Simon TG, Roelstraete B, et al. Maternal obesity increases the risk and severity of NAFLD in offspring[J]. J Hepatol, 2021, 75(5): 1042-1048. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.045.

24.Ayonrinde OT, Adams LA, Mori TA, et al. Sex differences between parental pregnancy characteristics and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents[J]. Hepatology, 2018, 67(1): 108-122. DOI: 10.1002/hep.29347.

25.Hayes EK, Lechowicz A, Petrik JJ, et al. Adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes associated with a life-long high fat diet: role of altered development of the placental vasculature[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3): e33370. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033370.

26.Jansen MAC, Dalmeijer GW, Saldi SR, et al. Pre-pregnancy parental BMI and offspring blood pressure in infancy[J]. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2019, 26(15): 1581-1590. DOI: 10.1177/2047487319858157.

27.Gaillard R, Welten M, Oddy WH, et al. Associations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with cardio-metabolic risk factors in adolescent offspring: a prospective cohort study[J]. BJOG, 2016, 123(2): 207-216. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13700.

28.Razaz N, Villamor E, Muraca GM, et al. Maternal obesity and risk of cardiovascular diseases in offspring: a population-based cohort and sibling-controlled study[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2020, 8(7): 572-581. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30151-0.

29.Forsén T, Eriksson J G, Tuomilehto J, et al. Mother's weight in pregnancy and coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men: follow up study[J]. BMJ, 1997, 315(7112): 837-840. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.315.7112.837.

30.Reynolds RM, Allan KM, Raja EA, et al. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and premature mortality from cardiovascular event in adult offspring: follow-up of 1 323 275 person years[J]. BMJ, 2013, 347: f4539. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4539.

31.Stachowiak EK, Oommen S, Vasu VT, et al. Maternal obesity affects gene expression and cellular development in fetal brains[J]. Nutr Neurosci, 2013, 16(3): 96-103. DOI: 10.1179/1476830512Y.0000000035.

32.Tozuka Y, Wada E, Wada K. Diet-induced obesity in female mice leads to peroxidized lipid accumulations and impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis during the early life of their offspring[J]. FASEB Journal, 2009, 23(6): 1920-1934. DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-124784.

33.Dong X, Zhou A. Associations of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with risk of offspring neurodevelopment at 2 years: a Chinese birth cohort study[J]. Front Pediatr, 2023, 11: 1165743. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1165743.

34.Basatemur E, Gardiner J, Williams C, et al. Maternal prepregnancy BMI and child cognition: a longitudinal cohort study[J]. Pediatrics, 2013, 131(1): 56-63. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-0788.

35.Eriksen HL, Kesmodel US, Underbjerg M, et al. Predictors of intelligence at the age of 5: family, pregnancy and birth characteristics, postnatal influences, and postnatal growth[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(11): e79200. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079200.

36.Bliddal M, Olsen J, Stovring H, et al. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and intelligence quotient (IQ) in 5-year-old children: a cohort based study[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(4): e94498. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094498.

37.Rodriguez A, Miettunen J, Henriksen TB, et al. Maternal adiposity prior to pregnancy is associated with ADHD symptoms in offspring: evidence from three prospective pregnancy cohorts[J]. Int J Obes (Lond), 2008, 32(3): 550-557. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803741.

38.Crisham Janik MD, Newman TB, Cheng YW, et al. Maternal diagnosis of obesity and risk of cerebral palsy in the child[J]. J Pediatr, 2013, 163(5): 1307-1312. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.06.062.

39.Dumas O, Varraso R, Gillman MW, et al. Longitudinal study of maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, and offspring asthma[J]. Allergy, 2016, 71(9): 1295-1304. DOI: 10.1111/all.12876.

40.Sureshchandra S, Marshall NE, Messaoudi I. Impact of pregravid obesity on maternal and fetal immunity: fertile grounds for reprogramming[J]. J Leukoc Biol, 2019, 106(5): 1035-1050. DOI: 10.1002/JLB.3RI0619-181R.

41.Martino D, Prescott S. Epigenetics and prenatal influences on asthma and allergic airways disease[J]. Chest, 2011, 139(3): 640-647. DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-1800.

42.Wei X, Huang P, Gao C, et al. Associations of maternal weight status with the risk of offspring atopic dermatitis and wheezing by 1 year of age[J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunology, 2022, 33(1): e13703. DOI: 10.1111/pai.13703.

43.Rosenquist NA, Richards M, Ferber J R, et al. Prepregnancy body mass index and risk of childhood asthma[J]. Allergy, 2022. DOI: 10.1111/all.15598.

44.Ekström S, Magnusson J, Kull I, et al. Maternal body mass index in early pregnancy and offspring asthma, rhinitis and eczema up to 16 years of age[J]. Clin Exp Allergy, 2015, 45(1): 283-291. DOI: 10.1111/cea.12340.

45.Liu S, Zhou B, Wang Y, et al. Pre-pregnancy maternal weight and gestational weight gain increase the risk for childhood asthma and wheeze: an updated Meta-analysis[J]. Front Pediatr, 2020, 8: 134. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00134.